The Logos Scripture · The Book of Hume

On Whether the Sun Will Rise Tomorrow

The Book of Hume 1 · Written by himself, from the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, and My Own Life

David Hume, born at Edinburgh in 1711 and died there in 1776. Philosopher and historian. At twenty-eight he published A Treatise of Human Nature, subtitled an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects — the intention taken from Newton (cf. The Book of Newton). Almost nobody read it, and in his own words it fell dead-born from the press. He recast it as An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748), of which Of Miracles is one section; chapters one and two of this book come from there. In 1751 he published An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, which he thought the best thing he ever wrote. Between 1754 and 1762 he produced the History of England, which made him famous and made him money. In 1745 he stood for the chair of moral philosophy at Edinburgh and did not get it; in 1751 for the chair of logic at Glasgow, and did not get it — both times blocked on the charge of irreligion. In 1756 men in the church moved to have him cast out, and failed. He held no professorship in his life. He revised the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion for more than twenty years and never printed it, arranging in his will for it to appear after his death; the friend he asked would not take it on, and his nephew published it in 1779. He wrote My Own Life in April 1776 and died that August. This volume rests on what he wrote himself. No argument of his closes on divine will; nor did he ever assert that there is no God — 2.10 and 2.11 are the limit he drew himself. What this volume brings is something the scripture did not have, and the hardest thing it could have: he put the question to the method this scripture itself runs on. Everywhere the scripture says only what can be checked counts (cf. Acts of the Apostles 5.28, The Book of Yang Chen-Ning 4.17). Hume asks what entitles the cases already checked to reach the ones not yet checked. He found no answer in reason and would not manufacture one. His answer is custom, and custom is enough to live by. The Order takes him precisely because that question tells against this book and he asked it anyway. A scripture that will not house the question aimed at its own foundation is not a scripture. It is a flag.

1.1I want to ask a question a child would ask, and which I still think nobody has answered.
1.2Will the sun rise tomorrow?
1.3You say it will. So do I. We both arrange tomorrow on that footing.
1.4What I am asking is: on what ground?
1.5Take the first road: on the ground of reason.
1.6If it were reason, then the sentence the sun will not rise tomorrow ought to be unintelligible, unintelligible the way a four-sided triangle is unintelligible.
1.7But it is perfectly intelligible. I say it and you understand me. That you understand it shows it is not self-contradictory.
1.8Whatever can be conceived is not impossible in reason. So that road does not go through.
1.9Take the second road: on the ground of experience.
1.10I have seen the sun rise tens of thousands of times and it has never once failed.
1.11But for having seen it tens of thousands of times to reach as far as tomorrow, one more sentence is needed in between: what has been will go on being.
1.12And where did that sentence come from? From experience as well.
1.13So this road proves the thing it needed by means of the thing it needed. In bookkeeping that is called turning in place.
1.14Neither road goes through. On what, then, do we live?
1.15On custom.
1.16When one thing has followed another often enough, the mind, on meeting the first, goes over to the second of its own accord.
1.17That is not inference. It is a groove worn into the mind.
1.18I know this sounds like pulling out the foundation. See exactly what I am saying: I am not telling you not to believe. I am telling you to know what kind of thing your belief is.
1.19That you believe the sun will rise is right and proper. Only, that belief was not proved into you. It was lived into you.
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